Potable water carries a requirement no other duty does, and three specialty duties - pool water, oil and transformer cooling - each turn on a material rather than a temperature.
Drinking water, pool water and oil each constrain the plate material or the wall between the fluids. Every duty below gets its own page: the constraint, the frames, the start-up mistake.
Where a non-potable medium heats drinking water, many jurisdictions require a second barrier - that is what the double-wall builds exist for, and it is worth settling before an order rather than at inspection.
Pool and spa water brings its own rule: chlorides pit 316, and the SMO 254 frames are the material answer, not an upgrade.
Oil transfers heat far less readily than water and gets worse as it cools. Oil duties size on the cold end, where viscosity is highest exactly when the temperature difference is smallest.
Nickel-brazed - the copper-free option at small size, for ammonia and aggressive media.
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